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. Professional writer John M. Wilson (1996) pointed to several elements of preparation. First, Wilson says you have to know what you need from the interview. He recommends planning and prioritizing questions thatPage 77you might ask during the interview. Writers should seek anecdotes during interviews because they are such a vital part of feature writing.There might be a need for numerous interviews for most feature articles. Some writers interview dozens of individuals for an article. There is a mix of types of sources, too, of course. Some are experts or authorities. Some are eyewitnesses. Some are consumers or users. Some are simply typical "people on the street." You use and choose sources on the basis of need for your article and you may need all of these sources for an article.Writer Pat H. Broeske is a Californiabased columnist who strongly believes in doing research and simply digging for information she needs for her assignments that often focus on Hollywood celebrities and the entertainment business. Broeske (1996) offered 15 observations and tactics for "inquiring writers":" A single interview can make a big difference." Don't overlook the obvious source." Don't make assumptions." Corroborate information gleaned in an interview." Streamline your topic." Look beyond the obvious." Ask your interview subjects whom else they think you should talk to." Let others know what you are working on." Don't overlook anything you might have in common with your subject." If your story involves conflict, put yourself in the midst of it." Take advantage of technology." Show what you know." Look for cues and clues." Be patient." Before ending an interview, ask this question: "Is there anything I haven't asked you about that you'd like to tell me?"Geoff Williams (1996), a veteran freelance magazine writer who specializes in interviewing actors and actresses, recommends a moderate amount of preparation, but not too much. He also recommends finding a quiet place to conduct the interview if this is possible.Page 78Even if the interview is done by telephone, he says control is important. Distractions can contribute to bad interviews. Williams says not to be afraid of practicing before a big interview to build confidence and polish approaches.You should write down or type out your questions in advance, each one based on the research you have done. These question lists can serve as a crutch during the interview. They show the sources that you took the time to prepare for the time you have with them. You must remain flexible during the interview to get into other subjects and concerns beyond what your research told you. There are times when your wellresearched questions will wind up only as a jumping off point for an interview.In most cases, the article you are writing will require that you do some detective work to get the information you need to do the article right. A few subjects will give you the luxury to get by without significant research. Your best bet, regardless, is to know where to go to get the answers when you need to get them before you go into an interview.Conducting InterviewsToo many good books are written solely about journalistic interviewing to attempt to tell you everything in part of a single chapter. This discussion focuses on interviewing as part of the overall research and reporting process and offers the advice on how you can use interviews to gather information needed for a feature article. After you have done your preinterview homework, the time arrives to go to the telephone or go to your source in person. Assuming you have found the right sources for your story, the next step is to set up the meeting to talk.Your interpersonal communication skills are put to test during an interview. You should try to relax the person you are talking to and make the experience seem less like an interview and more like a conversation between two people who just met. How is this done? If you can, start by chatting about something neutral. Take a moment to get to know the person. Tell the person about yourself. Let them get to know you and become more comfortable with you. You have to judge how much casual conversation is enough. It is obvious that a busy banker is less interested in casual conversation than a relaxed grandfatherly craftsman might be. Remember that you will have different experiences, depending on whether the interview is conducted in person or on the telephone. Although the telephone saves time, you lose the familiarity and depth of detail of being there with the source.Page 79Treat your source as you would like to be treated if you were the source. Dress professionally. Be polite and considerate. Identify yourself. This is especially important if you are conducting an interview by telephone. Explain your purpose and estimate how much time you need. If you plan to use a tape recorder for accuracy and completeness, ask if it matters to the source before you use it. Some state laws require it, especially if it involves a telephone conversation. Remind the source that you are also going to be taking notes during the interview.Because getting information is your goal, always be certain of the information you are getting during your interview, regardless of whether it is in person or on the telephone. Verify spellings and the meaning of technical terms. Ask a second time if necessary. Follow up the responses with questions designed to clarify, such as "why?" Don't be afraid to show you don't know something.GETTING A TOUGH INTERVIEWIt might not seem like a difficult task for the casual observer, but for any reporter from the United States to interview Cuban President Fidel Castro is a nearly impossible assignment to complete. He is generally inaccessible to the news media. Security is extraordinarily tight, especially when Castro is on the road. But persistence, imagination, and luck led to a timely, and exclusive, feature article by two Miami Herald reporters who got 10 minutes with Castro for a story that revealed how the longtime world leader had aged and become outoftouch with the changing Communist world. Reporter Chris Marquis described how he and colleague Mirta Ojito were able to talk with Castro, who was at a meeting with the leaders of the Spanishspeaking nations in Mexico City:"I had placed several formal requests for an interview with Fidel, but as soon as he arrived in Mexico, I feared all bets were off
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